IEEE/WIC/ACM  WEB INTELLIGENCE 2006

                 CALL FOR PAPERS

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2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM  International Conference on
Web Intelligence (WI'06)

Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong, China,
18-22 December 2006.

Sponsored By
IEEE Computer Society
Web Intelligence Consortium (WIC)
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Co-Organized With
Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU)

University/Corporate Sponsors
Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU)
Microsoft Corp.

http://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/iwi06/

(Papers Due: 5 July 2006)
**********************************************************************

Web Intelligence (WI) has been recognized as a new direction for
scientific research and development to explore the fundamental roles
as well as practical impacts of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
(e.g., knowledge representation, planning, knowledge discovery and
data mining, intelligent agents, and social network intelligence) and
advanced Information Technology (IT) (e.g., wireless networks,
ubiquitous devices, social networks, and data/knowledge grids) on
the next generation of Web-empowered products, systems, services, and
activities. It is one of the most important as well as promising IT
research fields in the era of Web and agent intelligence.

The 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence
(WI'06) will be jointly held with the 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International
Conference on Intelligent Agent Technology (IAT'06) and the 6th IEEE
International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM'06) for providing
synergism among the three research areas.  It will provide
opportunities for technical collaboration beyond that of previous
conferences. The three conferences will have a joint opening, keynote,
reception, and banquet. Attendees only need to register for one
conference and can attend workshops, sessions and tutorials across the
three conferences.  We are also planning a joint panel and joint paper
sessions that discuss common problems in the three areas.

+++++++++++++++++++
Topics of Interest
+++++++++++++++++++

The topics and areas include, but not limited to:

* World Wide Wisdom Web (W4)
- Meta-Knowledge Discovery and Representation
- Problem Solver Markup Language (PSML)
- Search of Best Means and Ends
- Goal-Directed Services Support
- Distributed Resources Optimization
- Service Self-Aggregation
- Web Inference Engine
- Information and Knowledge Markets

* New Social Interaction Paradigms
- Social and Psychological Contexts
- Regularities and Laws of W4
- Social Networks and Social Intelligence
- Social Networks Mining
- Web Site Clustering
- Link Topology and Site Hierarchy
- Theories of Small-World Web
- Virtual and Web Communities
- Web-Based Cooperative Work

* Knowledge Community Formation and Support
- Ubiquitous Computing
- Intelligent Wireless Web
- Ubiquitous Learning Systems
- Entertainment

* Knowledge Grids and Grid Intelligence
- Semantic Grids
- Knowledge Resources and Services Discovery
- On-Demand Planning and Routing
- Brokering and Scheduling
- Middleware Architectures and Tools

* Web Mining and Farming
- Text Mining
- Data Stream Mining
- Multimedia Data Mining
- Web Content Mining
- Web Log and Usage Mining
- Learning User Profiles
- Context Sensitive Web Mining
- Web Information Clustering
- Web Page Clustering and Mining
- E-Mail Classification
- Web Site Classification
- Web Information Indexing
- Data Warehousing
- Web Farming and Warehousing

* Semantics and Ontology Engineering
- Ontology-Based Information Extraction and Retrieval
- Ontology-Based Web Mining
- Web-Based Ontology Learning
- Semantic Web

* Web Agents
- Global Information Foraging
- Distributed Problem Solving
- Coordination
- Resource Intermediary and Coordination Mechanisms
- Self-Organization and Reproduction
- Agent Networks and Topologies
- Mobile Agents
- Macroscopic Behavior Modeling
- Trust Models for Web Agents

* Web Services
- Service-Oriented Computing
- Matchmaking
- Web Service Reconfiguration
- Web Service Workflow Composition
- Middleware-Based Ubiquitous Services
- Grid Services

* Web Information Filtering and Retrieval
- Automatic Cataloging and Indexing
- Clustering-Based Recommender Systems
- Collaborative Filtering and Recommendation
- Hybrid Recommendation
- Information Retrieval Criteria and Evaluations
- Web Information Categorization and Ranking
- Proxy and Cache Techniques
- Web Prediction and Prefetching
- Distributed Web Search
- Specifications for Web Information Extraction Process
- Web Crawling Systems
- Search Engines and Meta-search Engines

* Intelligent Human-Web Interaction
- Adaptive Web Interfaces
- Context-Aware Computing
- Learning User Profiles
- Personalized Interfaces
- Personalized Web Sites
- Remembrance Agents
- Multimedia Representation
- Visualization of Information and Knowledge
- Social and Psychological Issues

* Web Support Systems
- Information Retrieval Support Systems
- Web Site Navigation Support Systems
- Recommender Support Systems
- Web-Based Decision Support Systems
- Soft Computing (including neural networks, fuzzy logic,
   evolutionary computation, rough sets, and granular computing)
   and Uncertainty Management for WI

* Intelligent e-Technology
- Business Intelligence
- Intelligent Enterprise Portals
- Web-Based Direct Marketing and CRM
- Web-Based EDI
- e-Publishing
- e-Business and e-Commerce
- e-Finance
- e-Community
- Decentralized Community Communication Techniques
- e-Learning
- Digital Library
- e-Science
- e-Government
- Web Security, Integrity, Privacy and Trust

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On-Line Submissions and Publication
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

High-quality papers in all WI related areas are solicited. Papers
exploring new directions or areas will receive a careful and
supportive review.  All submitted papers will be reviewed on the
basis of technical quality, relevance, significance, and clarity.
Note that WI'06 will accept ONLY on-line submissions, containing
PDF versions.

Paper submissions should be limited to a maximum of 8 pages in the
IEEE 2-column format (see the IEEE Computer Society Press Proceedings
Author Guidelines at http://www.computer.org/portal/pages/ieeecs/publications),
and will be reviewed by the Program Committee on the basis of
technical quality, relevance to data mining, originality,
significance, and clarity.  Please use the Submission Form on the WI'06
website to submit your paper.  Accepted papers will be published
in the conference proceedings by the IEEE Computer Society Press.

A selected number of WI'06 accepted papers will be expanded and
revised for inclusion in Web Intelligence and Agent Systems: An
International Journal (http://wi-consortium.org/journal.html) and in
Annual Review of Intelligent Informatics
(http://www.wi-consortium.org/annual.html)

The best paper awards will be conferred at the conference on the
authors of (1) the best research paper and (2) the best application
paper.  Application-oriented submissions will be considered for the
best application paper award.

More detailed instructions and the On-Line Submission Form can be
found from the WI'06 homepage: http://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/~wii06/.

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Industry/Demo-Track
++++++++++++++++++++

We solicit Industry/Demo-Track papers by the following methods.

(1) Industry papers of 4 pages can be submitted on the same schedule as
   the research track.
(2) Separate 2 page demo proposals can submitted at a later schedule.
(3) Full regular paper submissions can include a demo option.
   That is, a full paper submissions will be asked to
   specify if they would like to give a demonstration; choice of
   demonstrations (while utilizing information from the regular reviewing
   process) will be selected based on value as a demonstration.

For options (1) and (2), please find more detailed instructions
at the homepages:  http://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/iwi06/wi/?index=demo

We are planning to arrange the Demo session in the afternoon of Dec 19
(before and during the conference reception), jointly with the IAT'06 and
ICDM'06 Demo sessions.

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Workshops
+++++++++

As an important part of the conference, the workshop program will
focus on new research challenges and initiatives.  All papers accepted
for workshops will be included in the Workshop Proceedings published
by the IEEE Computer Society Press and will be available at the
workshops. Detailed information is available at the conference
homepage.

Note: we will not have a separate workshop registration fee this year
(i.e., conference registration covers everything).

I. Accepted as Fullday Workshops

1. International Workshop on Agent and Data Mining Interaction (ADMI)
2. International Workshop on Web Privacy Intelligence
3. International Workshop on Service Composition
4. The 3rd International Workshop on Web-based Support Systems (WSS'06)

II. Accepted as Halfday Workshops

5. International Workshop on Intelligent Agents in Wireless Sensor Networks
  (IA-WSN)
6. International Workshop on Adaptation and Personalization
  for e-Business Intelligence
7. International Workshop on Semantics in VO and WS
8. International Workshop on Communication between Human and Artificial Agents
9. International Workshop on Intelligent Web Interaction (IWI-2006)
10. International Workshop on P2P Computing and Autonomous Agents
11. International Workshop on GrC and Brain Informatics (BI) for WI
12. International Workshop on Multi-Agent Systems in E-Business: Concepts,
   Technologies and Applications (MASeB'06)
13. International Workshop on Research of Agent-based Government Horizon
   Business Integration Management Systems
14. International Workshop on OWL-Based Approach for Semantic Interoperating
   and Accessing Heterogeneous XML Sources
15. International Workshop on Technologies and Applications of
   Knowledge Computing on the Web

For more information, please visit the conference website at
http://www.comp.hkbu.edu.hk/~wii06/.

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Tutorials
++++++++++

WI'06 also welcomes Tutorial proposals.  WI'06 will include tutorials
providing in-depth background on subjects that are of broad interest
to the Web intelligence community. Both short (2 hours) and long (half
day) tutorials will be considered.  The tutorials will be part of the
main conference technical program.  Detailed information is available
at the conference homepage.

Note: we will not have a separate tutorials registration fee this year
(i.e., only one conference registration covers everything).

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Important Dates
++++++++++++++++

Workshop proposal submission: April 10, 2006
Electronic submission of full papers: ** July 5, 2006 **
Tutorial proposal submission: July 15, 2006
Notification of paper acceptance: September 4, 2006
Camera-ready copies of accepted papers: September 29, 2006
Workshops: December 18, 2006
Conference: December 19-22, 2006

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Conference Organization
++++++++++++++++++++++++

Conference Chairs:
* Jiming Liu, Hong Kong Baptist University, HK
* Benjamin Wah, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Organizing Chair:
* Yiu-Ming Cheung, Hong Kong Baptist University, HK

Program Chair:
* Toyoaki Nishida, Kyoto University, Japan

Program Co-chairs:
* Zhongzhi Shi, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
* Ubbo Visser, Science Universitat Bremen, Germany
* Xindong Wu, University of Vermont, USA

Industry/Demo-Track Co-Chairs:
* Wray Buntine, Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Finland
* Kazuhiro Kuwabara, ATR, Japan
* Jianchang Mao, Yahoo! Inc., USA

Workshop Co-Chairs:
* Cory J. Butz, University of Regina, Canada
* Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
* Yasufumi Takama, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan

Tutorial Co-Chairs:
* Yuefeng Li, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
* Pawan Lingras, Saint Mary's University, Canada
* Hideaki Takeda, National Institute of Informatics/University of Tokyo, Japan

Publicity Chairs:
* Marcin Szczuka, Warsaw University, Poland
* Guoyin Wang, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, China
* Hui Xiong, Rutgers University, USA

Sponsorship Chairs:
* Man-chung Chan, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, HK
* Einoshin Suzuki, Yokohama National University, Japan
* Hongjin Yang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Program Vice Co-chairs:
* Mario Cannataro, University "Magna Greia" of Catanzaro, Italy
* Meng Chang Chen, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
* Joost Kok, Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, The Netherlands
* Tsau Young Lin, San Jose State University, USA
* Massimo Marchiori, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA and
                     University of Venice, Italy
* Ralf Moeller, Hamburg University of Technology, Germany
* Sankar Pal, Machine Intelligence Unit Indian Statistical Institute, India
* Steve Willmott, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
* Chengqi Zhang, Faculty of Information Technology, Australia
* Lina Zhou, University of Maryland, USA

*** Contact Information ***

Yiuming Cheung
Hong Kong Baptist University, HK
E-mail: ymc@Comp.HKBU.Edu.HK

http://liuppamdm.univ-pau.fr/sws06/

November, 2006
Hilton Alexandria Mark Center, Alexandria, VA, USA.

Held in conjunction with the
13th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (CCS-13)

Preliminary Call for Papers
Basic security protocols for Web Services, such as XML Security, the WS-* series of proposals, SAML, and XACML are the basic set of building blocks enabling Web Services and the nodes of GRID architectures to interoperate securely. While these building blocks are now firmly in place, a number of challenges are still to be met for Web services and GRID nodes to be fully secured and trusted, providing for secure communications between cross-platform and cross-language Web services.  Also, the current trend toward representing Web services orchestration and choreography via advanced business process metadata is fostering a further evolution of current security models and languages, whose key issues include setting and managing security policies, inter-organizational (trusted partner) security issues and the implementation of high level business policies in a Web services environment.

The SWS workshop explores these challenges, ranging from the advancement and best practices of building block technologies such as XML and Web services security protocols to higher level issues such as advanced metadata, general security policies, trust establishment, risk management, and service assurance.

The workshop provides a forum for presenting research results, practical experiences, and innovative ideas in web services security.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Web services and GRID computing security
Authentication and authorization
Frameworks for managing, establishing and assessing inter-organizational trust relationships
Web services exploitation of Trusted Computing
Semantics-aware Web service security and Semantic Web Secure orchestration of Web services
Privacy and digital identities support

Important Dates
Paper submissions due: July 18th, 2006
Acceptance notifications: August 10th, 2006
Camera-ready papers due: August 26th, 2006
CCS General Chair
Ari Juels, RSA Laboratories, USA.

SWS Program Chairs
Ernesto Damiani, Computer Technology Department ,University of Milan, Italy.

Alban Gabillon, IUT de Mont de Marsan, Université de Pau, France.

SWS Program Committee (to be completed)
Anne Anderson, Sun, USA.

Elizabeth Chang , Curtin University, Australia.

Tharam Dillon, Sydney University of Technology, Australia.

Csilla Farkas, University of South Carolina, USA.

Emmanuel Bruno, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, France.

Eduardo Fernandez-Medina Patòn, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.

Thomas Gross, IBM Zurich,Switzerland.

Ehud Gudes, Ben Gurion University, Israel.

Patrick Hung, University of Ontario, Canada.

Willem Jonker, University of Twente, The Netherlands.

Guenther Pernul, University of Regensburg, Germany.

Duminda Wijesekera, George Mason University, USA.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advances in Semantics for Web services Workshop
(semantics4ws'06)
http://events.deri.at/semantics4ws2006/

at the Fourth International Conference on Business Process Management
(BPM 2006)
http://bpm2006.tuwien.ac.at/

Vienna, Austria, September 4, 2006
--------------------------------------------------------

The theme of semantics4ws'06 is “Semantic Web Service in Business Processes”

GENERAL OVERVIEW

Web services have added a new level of functionality to the current
Web by taking a first step towards seamless integration of distributed
software components using Web standards. Nevertheless, current
Web service technologies around SOAP, WSDL and UDDI operate
at a syntactic level and, therefore, although they support interoperability
(i.e. interoperability between the many diverse application development
platforms that exist today) through common standards, they still require
human interaction to a large extent. For example, the human programmer
has to manually search for appropriate Web services in order to combine
them in a useful manner, which limits scalability and greatly curtails the
added economic value of envisioned with the advent of Web services.

Recent research (to which we refer to as Semantic Web Services - SWS),
which draws on a variety of fields such as Semantic Web, knowledge
representation, formal methods, software engineering, process modeling,
workflow, and software agents, is gaining momentum, in particular in the
context of Web services usage. Research in the mentioned fields can be
exploited to automate Web services-related tasks, like discovery, selection,
composition, mediation, monitoring, and invocation, thus enabling seamless
interoperation between them while keeping human intervention to a minimum.
Although several initiatives, like OWL-S, WSMO, WSDL-S, or IRS, have
emerged in this area aiming at addressing the problem of semantics in Web
services, many major challenges still need to be addressed and solved in this
field.

In this context, this workshop aims to provide a forum in which to focus on
selected core technical challenges for deployment of Semantic Web Services,
and reach a better understanding of the relationships between commercial Web
service standards, current SWS research efforts, and the ultimate requirements
for full-scale deployment of these technologies. More specifically, this workshop
aims to tackle the research problems (as well as recent practical experiences)
around methods, concepts, models, languages and technology that enable
semantics in the context of Web services, as well as discussing recent advances
in semantics for Web services. Of particular interest are the architectural, technical,
and developmental foundations of SWS, and showing how they combine
synergistically to enable service automation on the scale required by today’s
Internet-connected enterprises.

This proposed workshop aims to bring together researchers and industry
practitioners (e.g. leading modelers, architects, system vendors, open-source
projects, developers, and end-users) addressing many of these issues (including
recent developments in tools and techniques, and real-world implementations of
SWS applications), and promote and foster a greater understanding of how semantics
can assist automation in Web services, thus helping people develop and manage
services more efficiently and effectively.

TOPICS

The following indicates the general focus of the workshop. However, related
contributions are welcome as well.

   * case studies for (semantic) Web services
   * OWL-S, WSMO, WSDL-S, IRS, SWSF-based systems and applications
   * static and dynamic logics for Web services and related aspects
   * ontologies for modeling (semantic) Web services
   * formal languages for describing (semantic) Web services
   * ontologies and languages for process modeling for (semantic) Web services
   * ontological representation of quality of services (QoS), services level agreements (SLAs),
     and non-functional properties (NFPs) of Web services
   * formal languages  for QoS, SLAs, and NFPs
   * reasoning tasks and their complexity in SWS
   * formal methods and their applications in Web services
   * validation and verification for Web services
   * advertising, discovery, matchmaking, selection, and brokering of (semantic) Web services
   * data/process/protocol mediation in (semantic) Web services
   * composition, planning, and re-planning with (semantic) Web services
   * execution and lifecycle management of (semantic) Web services
   * monitoring, adaptability, and recovery strategies for (semantic) Web services
   * policies for (semantic) Web services
   * semantics in Web services contracts
   * security and privacy for (semantic) Web services
   * semantics for Grid services and e-Services
   * architectures for (semantic) Web services deployment
   * tools, middleware, and infrastructure for (semantic) Web services

WORKSHOP FORMAT AND ATTENDANCE

The program will occupy a full day, and will include presentations of
papers selected from the full papers category (see 'submissions' below).

Please note that at least one author of each accepted submission must
attend the workshop. The BPM 2006 conference formalities are applied
for fees and respective organizational aspects. Submission of a paper
is not required for attendance at the workshop. However, in the event
that the workshop cannot accommodate all who would like to participate,
those who have submitted a paper (in any category) will be given
priority for registration.

SUBMISSIONS

The workshop invites different types of contributions:

   * Papers
   * Demos
   * Posters / Position papers

Papers:The papers should not exceed 12 pages and should
have the Springer Lecture Notes of Computer Science (LNCS)
layout.

Demos: Detailed description plus sufficient number of screenshots
or a video of the demo are required. For paper-based submissions,
please follow the Springer LNCS layout. Please note that at the
workshop itself no technical support is provided except possibly
Internet connection and power (to be confirmed).

Posters/Position papers: The posters/position papers should not
exceed 5 pages and should have the Springer LNCS layout.

All contributions will be peer reviewed by a program committee
that will incorporate well recognized experts in the area of semantic
technologies and Web services.

All submissions should be formatted in Springer's LNCS style,
should be submitted in electronic format using the link:
http://www.easychair.org/semantics4ws2006/.

All accepted full papers and all position papers of attendees will
be published in the proceedings of the workshop. Workshop
proceedings will be published with Springer LNCS and will be
available at the workshop.

IMPORTANT DATES

Submissions: May 15, 2006
Acceptance: May 27, 2006
Final copy: June 7, 2006
Workshops day: September 4, 2006

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Steven Battle (Hewlett-Packard Labs, UK),
John Domingue (The Open University, UK),
David Martin (SRI International, USA)
Dumitru Roman (DERI Innsbruck, Austria)
Amit Sheth (University of Georgia, USA)

PROGRAM COMMITTEE (confirmed; to be extended)

- Rama Akkiraju, IBM, USA
- Abraham Bernstein, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Carine Bournez, W3C, France
- Jorge Cardoso, University Mediera, Portugal
- Sanjay Chaudhary, DA-IICT, India
- Marin Dimitrov, Ontotext, Bulgaria
- Dieter Fensel, DERI, Austria
- Karthik Gomadam, University of Georgia, USA
- Michael Gruninger, University of Toronto, Canada
- Sung-Kook Han, Won Kwang University, South Korea
- Rick Hull, Lucent, USA
- Deepali Khushraj, Nokia, Finland
- Michael Kifer, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA
- Michael Maximilien, IBM, USA
- Sheila McIlraith, University of Toronto, Canada
- Brahim Medjahed, University of Michigan, USA
- Massimo Paolucci, DoCoMo Euro-Labs, Germany
- Tony Shan, Wachovia Bank, USA
- Monika Solanki, De Montfort University, UK

With the success of 1st workshop, which was held in Melbourne of Australia in 2005 (proceedings published by IEEE CS Press), the objective of the International Workshop on Grid and Peer-to-Peer based Workflows is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia, industry and governments to report advances in grid and peer-to-peer based workflow research. The workshop will cover the broad spectrum of research relevant to grid and peer-to-peer based workflows, including, but not limited to, the following:

Grid workflow infrastructure based on the Grid toolkits such as GT4
Grid workflow API and GUI
Workflow specification languages targeting grid applications
Grid workflow execution engines that interoperate with grid services
Grid services that support workflow execution
Grid workflow verification and validation
Formal representation, e-science workflow patterns, and temporal verification
Grid workflow system performance analysis
Specialized tools for managing grid workflow such as exception handling
Decentralized grid workflow infrastructure
Peer-to-peer based workflow management in grid infrastructure
Non-functional issues, like QoS and security, in peer-to-peer based workflow
Advanced workflow use-cases based on real grid experience
Simulation environments for grid and peer-to-peer workflow reasoning
Application of business process management techniques in grid workflows
Submission Requirements
All contributions will be reviewed and evaluated based on originality, technical quality and relevance to workshop themes. Papers are expected to be no more than 12 pages (additional 2 pages allowed for a charge of 100€ per page) and should be formatted in LNCS format (see [URL=http://www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html]www.springer.de/comp/lncs/authors.html[/URL] for details). Submitted papers must be written in English and identify the contribution of the paper. Please submit your manuscripts to [URL=mailto:gpww@ict.swin.edu.au]gpww@ict.swin.edu.au[/URL].

Publication of Papers
All accepted workshop papers will appear in the proceedings together with other BPM workshops published by the Springer. Authors of accepted papers must register for the BPM 2006 conference.

Important Dates
Deadline for Paper Submission:         May 1st 2006
Notification of Acceptance:               May 23rd 2006
Camera Ready Copies:                     June 7th 2006

Organizers
Prof Yun Yang (Chair), Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Dr Jun Shen, University of Wollongong, Australia
Dr Jun Yan, University of Wollongong, Australia
[URL=http://www.ict.swin.edu.au/staff/jchen]Mr Jinjun Chen[/URL], Swinburne University of Technology, Australia

Program Committee
Ilkay Altintas, San Diego Supercomputing Center, UCSD, USA
Boualem Benatallah, University of New South Wales, Australia
Rajkumar Buyya, The University of Melbourne, Australia
Ewa Deelman, University of Southern California, USA
Schahram Dustdar, Vienna University of Technology, Austria
Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University, USA
Volker Gruhn, Leipzig University, Germany
John Grundy, Auckland University, New Zealand
Vassilios (Bill) Karakostas, City University London, UK
Kwei-Jay Lin, University of California at Irvine, USA
Chengfei Liu, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia
Michael Schrefl, University of Linz, Austria
Markus Stumpter, University of South Australia, Australia
Kunal Vemar, University of Georgia, USA
Jian Yang, Macquarie University, Australia
Hai Zhuge, Institute of Computing Technology, CAS, China

ICSOC会议怎么样？和WI相比呢？